| 
 
   
    | 
On a
    world map, up is north, down is south, left is west and right is east. 
(northern
    / southern / western / eastern) |  
 
   
    | 
In North
    America, there are three countries: Canada in the north, Mexico in the
    south and the United States Of America / U.S.A. in between / in the middle. |  
    | 
The
    U.S.A. has fifty pieces. = fifty states 
The
    U.S.A. consists of fifty pieces. = fifty states |  
 
   
    | 
civil war
    = a war not between two countries but within one country |  
 
   
    | 
with bitterness
    = bitterly |  
 
   
    | 
Peter
    fights against Tom. 
= Tom is
    Peter’s opponent. 
Peter
    defeats Tom, his opponent. 
= He
    wins the fight against Tom 
= Peter
    is victorious. 
= Peter
    wins a victory against Tom. |  
 
   
    | 
You have
    done something against me but then you say “Sorry!” – Then, I’m not angry
    with you anymore. = I forgive you. (forgive, forgave, forgiven) |  
 
   
    | 
group =
    some people together |  
 
   
    | 
Germany
    = German 
England
    = English 
France =
    French 
Italy = Italian 
Spain = Spanish 
China =
    Chinese 
America
    = American |  
 
   
    | 
A person
    goes on holiday to another country. 
= He /
    She is a tourist. |  
 
   
    | 
battlefield
    = place of the battle |  
 
   
    | 
The guide
    explains the tourist the pictures in an exhibition. |  
 
 
   
    | 
thrilling
    = stirring = very interesting / exciting |  
 
 
   
    | 
powerful
    forces = big number of soldiers |  
 
   
    | 
There
    are fifty people. – No, not so many. – Alright, maybe not fifty but at
    least forty. |  
    | 
There
    are fifty people. – No, many more. – Alright, maybe not fifty but not more
    than / at the most / at best sixty. |  
 
8) Not as long as I'm
  here 
 
A civil war between the
  northern and southern states began in the United States in eighteen
  sixty-one. The war was fought with great bitterness until the northern states
  were victorious in eighteen hundred and sixty-five. However, until today,
  many people from the southern states have neither forgotten their defeat nor
  forgiven the people from the northern states. A few years ago, a group of
  American tourists was on the battlefields of the civil war with a guide from
  one of the southern states. At each location, the guide told thrilling
  stories about how few southern soldiers defeated powerful northern forces
  there. Finally, one of the tourists, a woman from the north, stopped the
  guide saying to him, "but the army of the northern states must have won
  at least one victory in the civil war?" "Not as long as I am the
  guide here, Madame!" the southern guide answered. 
 | 
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